Boil Water at Room Temperature

You can boil water at room temperature without heating it. This is because boiling is about pressure, not just temperature. Heres an easy way to see this for yourself. Simple Materials watersyringe You can get a syringe at any pharmacy or lab. You dont need the needle, so its  safe project, even for kids. How to Boil Water Without Heating It Use the plunger to pull up a bit of water into the syringe. Dont fill it -- you need airspace in order for this to work. You just need enough water that you can observe it.Next, you need to seal the bottom of the syringe so that it wont be able to suck up more air or water. You can put your fingertip over the opening, seal it with a cap (if one came with the syringe), or press a piece of plastic against the hole.Now youll boil the water. All you need to do is pull back as quickly as you can on the syringe plunger. It may take a couple of tries to perfect the technique, so you can keep the syringe still enough to watch the water. See it boil? How It Works The boiling point of water or any other liquid depends on vapor pressure. As you lower the pressure, the boiling point of the water drops. You can see this if you compare the boiling point of water at sea level with the boiling point of water on a mountain. The water on the mountain boils at a lower temperature, which is why you see high-altitude instructions on baking recipes! When you pull back on the plunger, you increase the amount of volume inside the syringe. However, the contents of the syringe cant change because you have sealed it. The air inside the tube acts as gases do and the molecules spread out to fill the whole space. The atmospheric pressure inside the syringe drops, creating a partial vacuum. The vapor pressure of the water becomes high enough compared to the atmospheric pressure that the water molecules can easily pass from the liquid phase into the vapor phase. This is boiling. Compare it with the normal boiling point of water. Pretty cool. Any time you lower the pressure around a liquid, you lower its boiling point. If you increase the pressure, you raise the boiling point. The relationship is not linear, so you would need to consult a phase diagram to predict how great the effect of a pressure change would be.

Globalization The North America, By Thomas Friedman Essay

Throughout history, the progressions of mankind has given way to a perpetually globalizing world. Globalization, the â€Å"process of interaction and integration among peoples of different nations, has strengthened human ties while our race has formed societies in every corner of the globe. As our world becomes more interconnected, the resulting blend of cultures has led numerous societal features to be shared between peoples, blurring cultural division lines. Globalization’s tying binds may frustrate many modern travelers seeking unique and special travel experiences due to the standardization of destinations resulting from increasingly cozy international social relations, but continued and extensive human travel has demonstrated that the essential human urge to move is a product of our search for fulfillment in what is unfamiliar and will not be suppressed by global interconnection. The origin of modern globalization can be traced to Columbus’ discovery of the North America, as argued by Thomas Friedman. European exploration during the Age of Discovery invited the rise of extensive European naval trade routes that invited massive exchange of European, African, and American cultures, material resources, and biological property in the form of diseases and mestizo populations from offspring between clashing ethnicities. Triangular trade opened the door for the introduction of foreign foods, plants, and animals into foreign societies. Establishment of European colonies meant thatShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman931 Words   |  4 PagesFlat, by Thomas Friedman draws attention to some very good points concerning globalization and the world economy today. Friedman emphasizes the status of America today in relation to the other countries of the world. 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SoRead MoreAnalysis Of Friedman Friedman s The Forces That Flattened The World 1545 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman (2005) opens his book with the forces that flattened the world: â€Å"The global competitive playing field was being leveled. The World was being flattened.† He describes how each force has affected the developed and developing countries. The concepts Friedman provides concerning the flattening and shrinking of the world seem to be accurately reflected in many aspects of our lives. The effects of globalization, whether positive or negative, are a daily career and personal reality most of us have

Basement Free Essays

3 – basement 3 – Basement 1 Quick Revision 1. 1 Problems arising from basement construction a. Excavation method. We will write a custom essay sample on Basement or any similar topic only for you Order Now b. Surface and ground water control c. Lateral stability of basement excavation. d. Stability of adjoining building. 1. 2 Ground water control – dewatering a. Open Sump Pumping b. Wellpoint System. c. Shallow-Bored Well System d. Deep-Bored Well System 1. 3 Basement Excavation a. Open excavation b. Sheet pile cofferdam Supported with raking struts Supported with struts and walings Supported with ground anchors Ground support and ground water control for deep excavation Cut off wallings: c. Thin grouted diaphrage d. Mixed in place wall e. Ground treatment f. Circular cofferdam g. Diaphrage wall 1/11 3 – basement 2. Cut-off wallings 2. 1 Thin grouted diaphragm A series of touching universal beams or columns are driven into the ground to the required depth. A grout injection pipe is fixed to the web the section and this is connected to a group pump at the ground. As the sections are withdrawn the void created is filled with cement grout to form the thin membrane. This is a non-structural wall and services only as a cut-off wall. It is uitable subsoil of silt, sand and gravel. 2. 2 Thin grouted diaphragm (Source: R. Chudley) Mixed-in-place wall A hollow churn drill is drilled into the ground. Intrusion grout is pumped through the hollow kelly bar during the drilling operation. When the required depth is reached, the auger rotation is reversed and withdrawn while grout injection continues. The grout is thus mixed with the existing soil to form a mixed-in-place pile. The above process is repeated with the piles being cast against each other until the whole wall is formed. Mixed-in-place pile (Source: Jufri Wellmen) /11 3 – basement 2. 3 Ground treatment The major disadvantage of pumping is causing settlement of surrounding ground. In urban areas, settlement would serious affect the stability of adjacent properties. In this situation, grouting method can be used to control ground water. The basic method is to inject the soil or rock with fluids which, on setting, seal or reduce the permeability of the material. There are various types of grouts. The choice of grouts, the pattern and spacing of the injection pipes will depend upon the particle sizes of the soil or the size of fissures in the rock. Cement Grouting (Source: R. Chudley) 2. 3. 1 Cement grouting Cement grout is suitable for injecting into coarse materials which have a high permeability. This method not only can form an impermeable barrier to ground water but also solidify loose soils which prevents from collapsing during excavation. It is usual to commence grouting with a batch of thin grout and then to increase the viscosity of the grout as the process continues, by reducing the water-cement ratio. The grout used may be composed of neat cement grout, or a mixture of cement and 3/11 3 – basement sand in the ratio of 1 : 4. The adding of sand reduces the cost of material but it also reduces the workability. On the other hand, pulverized fuel ash (PFA) may be used to replace part of the cement (up to 50%) to reduce the cost of the material. The spherical particle shape of PFA improves the flow quality of the grout without reducing its strength. 2. 3. 2 Bentonite grouting Bentonite grouting is used in ground conditions where the particles of the soil are too small for cement grouting. While bentonite grout adds little strength to the soil, it has a high resistance to water flow and therefore produces an excellent barrier. Bentonite is produced from montmorillionite clay, which has thixotropic properties: when it coagulates it forms a gel, and if mixed with certain additives, such as Portland cement or soluble silicates, the barrier formed will be permanent. 2. 3. 3 Chemical grouting There are two main processes of chemical grouting: ‘one-shot’ and ‘two shot’. In the ‘two-shot’ process, pipes are driven into the ground at about 600 mm centres, and the first chemical, normally sodium silicate, is injected. This is followed immediately by the injection of the second chemical, calcium chloride. The reaction between the two chemicals is immediate, resulting in a tough, insoluble ‘silica-gel’. The process gives considerable strength to the soil and greatly reduces its permeability. Two-shot process for chemical grouting 4/11 3 – basement The ‘two-shot’ process has been largely superseded by the ‘one-shot’ process, which consists of mixing together prior to injection two chemicals whose gel time can be sufficiently delayed to allow full penetration of the soil before gel occurs. The extent of the delay can be accurately controlled by varying the proportions of the two chemicals. The extra time available for placing this grout allows wider spacing of the boreholes. 4. 2. 6 Circular cofferdam Steel sheet pile cofferdams may be arranged in circular shape in plan. Circular cofferdams may be supported with ring walings. The walings are subject to tangential thrust and act as a continuous arch. Thus transverse struts are not required. Large diameter circular cofferdams may be formed of concrete diaphragm wall and reinforced with ring concrete beam. The advantage of this method is that it provides a clear excavation un-hampered by struts. However, the method is restricted to circular shape. Circular cofferdam support with ring walings Basement construction of IFC 5/11 3 – basement 5 Diaphragm Walls Diaphragm walling describes the construction of continuous concrete walls into the ground. The process, sometimes called the slurry trench method, involves the excavation of a narrow trench to the required depth which supported with bentonite slurry. The trench is then filled with concrete to form the wall. Construction of diaphragm wall 5. 1 Advantages of using diaphragm walls for basement construction 1. The process of constructing the wall is relatively quiet and has little vibration. . The wall can be constructed to a great depth. 3. The wall provides temporary ground supports during excavation hence expensive steelwork is eliminated or minimized. 4. The wall provides a good water cut-off; no dewatering is required and hence has little effects on adjacent structure. 5. The wall serves both as external wall for the basement and the foundation for the superstructure. 6. For deep basement, diaphragm walling is more economical than using steel sheeting cofferdam. 6/11 3 – basement 5. 2 Method of construction of concrete diaphragm wall 1. A perimeter trench, 1 to 1. m deep and with a width equal to the wall thickness plus 300 mm is excavated. 2. The trench is lined on both sides with 150 mm thick in-situ concrete. (The linings provide a guide for the grab and protect the top of the excavation from collapse. ) 3. The wall is divided into to panels. The width of each panel is about 4. 5 to 7 m. The sequence of construction for the panels is in an alternatively way. That is, an intermediate panel is excavated after panels on its both sides have been cast. 4. The trench is then filled with bentonite slurry from a large storage tank before excavation. Excavation is done by a grab. During excavation, it is important to maintain the slurry level at about 0. 5 m below the top of the trench. (The function of the bentonite is to prevent the ingress of water and soil into the trench. ) Excavation is continued until the founding is reached. 5. Stop end pipes of diameter equal the wall thickness are placed at both ends of the panel. A reinforcement cage is lowered through the bentonite and panel is cast with tremie concrete. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to remove the soil particles and then stored for future use. 6. When the concrete has set, the stop end pipes are removed. Semi-circular sockets are formed which provide key for the adjacent panels. 7. Further panels of the diaphragm wall are then formed in a similar manner until the wall is completed. 5. 3 Precast Concrete Diaphragm Walls Diaphragm walls can also be formed with precast concrete panels. The construction sequence is: 1. A perimeter trench, lined on both sides with concrete walls, is prepared. 7/11 3 – basement 2. The trench is filled with bentonite slurry and excavated with a grab. During excavation, the slurry level is maintained at about 0. m below the top of the trench. Excavation is continued until the founding is reached. 3. Cement grout is introduced to the bottom of the trench with a spreader. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to remove the soil particles and then stored for future use. 4. Precast posts or panels are inserted into the trench to form the wall 5. When the grout has set, it seals the joints of the precast panels effectively, and the diaphragm wall is formed. Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wall Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wall (Source: R. Holmes) (Source: R. Holmes) 8/11 3 – basement 6 Soldier pile wall Since the wall of a basement must be watertight, if a soldier pile wall is used as a basement wall, the piles of the wall will be constructed to overlap with each other. This type of wall is also called secant pile wall. The overlapping is about 120 to 200 mm. It is cut by a hydraulic actuated casing fitted with a cutting ring at the lower end. The cutting must be done within one or two days after the concrete has been cast to prevent it become to hard. Secant pile wall Alternatively, the piles of the wall are cast contiguous. Boreholes are drill at the joints of the piles which cut the edges of the piles. The boreholes are then filled ith bentonite-cement grout to seal the joints. Secant pile wall (Source: R. Chudley) 9/11 3 – basement 7 Top-Down Basement Construction It is to construct the basement in the downward direction to the final levels of the basement. The sequence of work is as follows:1. Construct the permanent basement wall using diaphragm wall or soldier piles wa ll. 2. Construct bored piles with temporary steel casings as the foundation of the basement. The cut-off level of the piles is at the final basement level. 3. Place steel columns inside the steel casings of the bore piles from the foundation level up to the ground level. . Backfill the shafts with granular material to hold the steel columns. 5. Construct the ground floor slab supported on the steel columns and the diaphragm walls. (This slab provides a working platform for superstructure construction and acts as the lateral support for the basement excavation. ) Access opening in this slab shall be provided for further excavation. 6. Excavate beneath the ground floor slab down to next basement floor soffit. 7. Cut the steel casing, remove the gravel and expose the steel column. 8. Cast the second basement slab. The slab is connected to the columns with shear studs and connected the diaphragm wall with dowels) 9. Repeat the process for the successive basement floors until down to the final basement slab. The top-down method provides the following main advantages:1. Superstructure can be constructed at the same time as the basement construction takes place and therefore the overall construction time is reduced. 2. Temporary and permanent works are combined and therefore there is no need for extensive steel temporary works. 3. Stiff rigid walls allow an almost watertight construction and basement construction to great depth. These stiff walls provide at the same time a limitation to ground movement. 10/11 3 – basement Steel casing infilled with granular material Steel column on top of bored pile Reference: Control of groundwater for temporary works (1986), S. H. Somerville, CIRCA Construction Technology (1987), R. Chudley, Longman Building Construction Handbook (1992), R. Chudley, Newnes Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction (1985), R. Holmes, College of Estate Management Civil Engineering Construction IV (1991), S. A. R. Jufri R. J. Wellmen, Hong Kong Polytechnic 11/11 How to cite Basement, Papers

Dublinerscounterparts Essay Research Paper DublinersCounterpartsBy James JoyceAfter free essay sample

Dubliners-counterparts Essay, Research Paper Dubliners ? Counterparts? By: James Joyce After reading several narratives from James Joyce? s Dubliners, many of the subjects are similar. There is non normally an tremendous secret plan, because all of his narratives are about working people in Dublin. Every narrative has a really of import subject that he brings out through his description of these regular people? s actions and through the scene. He does non utilize a normal narrative line, a secret plan, or a definite flood tide and declaration. In the narrative? Counterparts, ? he uses the subject of regular people? s lives, faith and alcohol addiction, all of which are repeating subjects in his other narratives. Every facet of Farrington? s life has no hope for betterment. He is scolded because he didn? t complete a contract in clip. His occupation is done half hearted, without any passion. Farrington is a clerk who copies legal paperss by manus. We will write a custom essay sample on Dublinerscounterparts Essay Research Paper DublinersCounterpartsBy James JoyceAfter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While being reprimanded by Mr. Alleyne, his lone replies were muttering sentences that did non stand up for himself. The manner he talks demonstrates his deficiency of exhilaration he has to populate. Farrington did non complete the contract in clip, but handed it in without the last two pages, trusting cipher would notice. When Alleyne comes down to censure him for non completing the contract, Farrington attempts to lodge up for himself. Mr. Alleyne asks the rhetorical inquiry? Do you believe me an arrant sap? ? Farrington replies rapidly with? I don? t think sir, that that? s a just inquiry to set to me. ? Mr. Alleyne is embarrassed because Miss Delacour is in the room. There were rumours that Miss Delacour was holding an matter with Mr. Alleyne. The rumours said that he was dating her because she was a affluent lady. Now if he did non apologise to Mr. Alleyne, he would be fired, but Farrington doesn? T attention. His ideas are non on his occupation, but on how he is traveling to acquire rummy. The subject of alcohol addiction shows up throughout the narrative. After Farrington? s foremost call on the carpeting by his director, he takes a interruption and mom kes a speedy halt at O? Neill? s store for a glass of port. He could non wait until after work for a drink. After go forthing the office, he tries to happen money so that he could slake his? thirst. ? Farrington knows that he can non inquire for an promotion on his payroll check, so he pawns his ticker, receives six shillings, and dives into a strident dark. Farrington is the adult male of the dark because he tells his friends O? Halloran and paddy Leonard about how he stood up to Mr. Alleyne in forepart of Miss Delacour. Just when everything was traveling right, a immature adult male named Weathers challenges him to an arm wrestling. He returns place angry and unhappy because he loses. When he gets place, Joyce shows how the effects of alcohol addiction affect non merely the alcoholic. As he makes his manner place, he thinks about his twenty-four hours with choler and vindictiveness. Talking back to his director, soaking his ticker, and passing all his money were merely some of the events that discontented Farrington. His married woman is out when he gets place, and dinner is non ready for him. This frustrates him even further, and has to take his choler out on something. Farrington? s boy is willing to do dinner for his male parent, but he merely needed to let go of his choler. He took a walking stick and crush the small male child. It is dry because while being beaten, his boy shrieks? ? I? ll say a Hail Mary for you pa, if you don? T beat me? ? This brings in his subject of faith. It plays a big portion in Dublin? s habitue, working category people. Farringon? s boy demonstrates the importance of faith because he does non contend his male parent, but merely tells him that he will pray for him. Another illustration of faith in their lives is when Farrington gets place from saloon hopping. His married woman International Relations and Security Network? T place because she is at the chapel. This shows that the people of Dublin go to the chapel and pray all the clip. The regular people put much religion in faith. Joyce did an astonishing occupation explicating the adversities of regular people? s lives. He showed the societal, economical and emotional sides of these working people? s lives.

Hooters Business Analysis free essay sample

Hooters is in the hospitality and service business. According to Hooters’ website, their mission is to provide a family of hospitality and services that achieves excellence and enhances lifestyles of all who come in contact with the Hooters brand. They started out as a restaurant with a relaxed atmosphere where they show sports and their servers are attractive women with nice breasts. It is not a typical restaurant with sixty-eight percent of their customers are male, most between the ages of 25-54. We will write a custom essay sample on Hooters Business Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hooters has expanded from the restaurant business to include an airline company, a hotel in Las Vegas, a credit card and a men’s magazine. . With Hooters’ wide range of activities, they have a variety of competitors. Their competitors can range from Pizza Hut, to Delta, to Hilton, to American Express to Playboy. There most direct competitor would be service and hospitality companies aimed at males between the ages of 25-54. There have been some restaurants, or ‘breastaurants,’ imitating Hooters’ wings and scantily dressed female servers, like WingHouse. 3. Hooters has a unique concept and excellent brand recognition. They are famous in the U. S. and most of the world. Just about anyone can describe the Hooters’ white and orange uniform with the owl. Apparently, their chicken wings are very good. 4. It does not make sense to me that Hooters would run an airline. Their customer demographics of males between the ages of 25-54, is limiting. They tried to offer a low cost but keep all the services. They also flew to limited destinations, and aimed marketing towards golfers. Airline companies have quite a bit of difficulty surviving in any case, but to have an airline company that is more a form of advertising just does not seem logical. . Hooters is continuing to diversify without considering who they are and what they do. I do not think Hooters should continue to diversify. They are very good at the restaurant industry. They have a unique concept, and deliver it well. The other ventures attempted by Hooters do not seem to be successful and could take away from the reputation they have built. At their restaurant, 72% of its sales from food, 5% f rom merchandise, and 28% from beer, wine and spirits. They should stick with what they do best. They seem to have popular food and a good atmosphere; they can excel and offer something more than their competitors offer. If they were to diversify further some additional businesses that make more sense would be a catering service or a modeling agency. A catering service would just expand on what they already are so successful at with little investment. A modeling agency would open a whole new sector, but again, be right up their alley. They already have very intricate hiring processes for their servers which usually are interested in being models.

Da Vinci Surgical System Essay Example

Da Vinci Surgical System Essay Example Da Vinci Surgical System Essay Da Vinci Surgical System Essay The Da Vinci Surgical System is a large purpose-built robot controlled by a surgeon that performs minimally invasive surgical procedures on patients. The system incorporates an ergonomically designed surgeons console, a patient-side module with four interactive robotic arms, each with interchangeable surgical instruments and a 3-dimensional endoscopic vision system. Powered by high-tech supercomputers, the surgeons hand movements are scaled, filtered and then converted into precise movements of the surgical attachments. The designers of the system are a team of doctors, engineers and biomedical engineers at a company called Intuitive Surgical. The motivation that these designers had was to develop a surgical technique that would be minimally traumatic for patients and one that would speed up recovery time. Figure 1: The Da Vinci Surgical System showing the surgeons console and the patient-side module. The Industry The Da Vinci robot is part of the Biomedical Engineering industry. The industry is concerned with the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines expertise from medical and engineering disciplines to improve healthcare systems. The industry is very innovative and most universities now offer training in biomedical engineering. This is because it has always been a highly specialised field and required a designer to have both medical and engineering training and experience. Research and development is a very important aspect of this industry and it is very draining on a companys funds. Great emphasis is also placed on product placement and marketing. Though these products are usually marketed towards industry professionals such as doctors and hospital management. The physical location and layout of the enterprise The company is located in the U. S. A in California. Figure 2: The company headquarters Nature of the innovation As mentioned before the Da Vinci robot consists of two parts, the surgeons console and a patient-side operating module. Surgeon Console: During an operation the surgeon is seated comfortably at the console while viewing a 3-d image and controlling the robot. Image System This imaging system allows the surgeon to see an enhanced 3-dimensional view of the operative field and it provides direct eye-hand-instrument alignment and natural depth perception. This is possible through the use of a dual lens endoscope with two high-resolution cameras. Figure 2: The Endoscope with two cameras and a specialised light The image is fed through two independent vision channels that then run through an image processing stabilising computer system. The computer reduces the noise of the image and enhances the edges of the objects seen. The surgeon can also control the movement and zoom of the endoscope camera through hand controls and foot pedals. The resultant image is then projected on a high-resolution 3-D monitor. Figure 3: The 3-D image monitor Control System The surgeons fingers crasp onto a joystick-like perpheril instrument which then controls the precise movements of the robotic arms. The device also gives the surgeon a sense of touch by giving feedback as to how hard or how soft the tissue is inside the patient. Figure 4: Control device. The computer system translates the surgeons hand, wrist and finger movements into precise, real-time movements of surgical instruments inside the patient. Patient-side operating module Operation System The part of the robot that actually performs the operation consists of either three or four robotic arms. It can be configured to have two or three instrument arms and one endoscope arm. Figure 5: The operating module with three operating arms and one endoscope (2nd from the left) These robotic arms are inserted into the patients body through small incisions of 1-2cm long. This is the main advantage of the Da Vinci robot. It is the ability to perform major surgery on a patient without large incisions. The benefits of this are:  ·Shorter hospital stay  ·Less pain and scarring  ·Less risk of infection  ·Less blood loss and fewer transfusions  ·Faster recovery  ·Quicker return to normal activities Surgical attachment system The company has developed a wide range of attachments that can be paced on each of the robotic arms. These are very similar to the normal instruments that a surgeon would use, such as clamps and scalpels. Intuitive surgical has named these attachments Endowrist instruments. Figure 6: An Endowrist attachment known as the cobra grasper. It is used to secure dense tissue structures such as tumours. Figure 7: Curved Endowrist scissors All the instruments are designed with seven degrees of motion that mimic the dexterity of the human hand and wrist. Also, Each instrument has a specific surgical function such as clamping, stitching and tissue cutting. Quick-release levers speed instrument changes during operations. In summary, the Da Vinci Robot system provides a surgeon with a great deal of control, range of motion, fine tissue handling capability and a 3-D viewing system. It also allows the doctor to work through tiny incisions that is characteristic of minimally invasive surgery. The Use of Technology The use of technology in this particular innovation is extensive. Several different types of technologies are incorporated into one system to operate effectively. Electronics Electronics and Microelectronics are an integral part of the system. Through computers this technology controls the whole system and maintains the safety and efficiency of the device. Software Intuitive Surgical used CAD computer programs to design their product. They also used other software to test the product. For example the company used software that simulated a power surge or loss of power. The robot was designed to shut down and stop immediately after any such outside interference, as any damage to the onboard electronics could have devastating effects for the patient. Intuitive surgical employed the software company Novell to develop the programs that would control the robot. Robotics Robotic technology is also a very important part of the overall technological make-up of the system. Intuitive Surgical opted for existing robotic technology rather than using emerging technologies. The Da Vinci robotic system is almost identical to the system used in the manufacture of cars. The company chose to do this as they where looking for a reliable technology that could be adapted into a medical device. However, major alterations where made to the existing system to improve accuracy of movement, scaling down of movement and safety. Mechanics Mechanics was used in the development of the patient-side module and the Endowrist devices. Mechanics was incorporated with the robotic and hydraulic aspects of the machine in order to get the most precise movements out of the instruments. Biomedical technology Biomedical technology is essential in ensuring that the device is suitable and safe to use as a medical machine. The robot must be adapted so that it is appropriate for use in a medical scenario. Marketing and promotional strategies This particular innovation is not suitable for mass marketing to the general public. Rather the company markets its product to a number of key potential buyers: Surgeons. The company approaches senior surgeons at larger hospitals with big spending budgets and introduces them to the new technology. They then show the range of benefits for the patient of and even offer a training course for the doctors, showing them how to use the machine. The company hopes that the surgeons then go to the hospital management on their behalf and lobby to try and acquire the machine. Hospital management The company markets the product to hospital management on the basis that it will save them money. Although the initial investment is large, in the long-term it will save money. This because the robot greatly decreases the hospital stay of the patient and it also reduces the amount of pain management drugs needed. Government The company, although less frequently, also markets the robot to governments. They outline the patient benefits and the financial benefits. The purpose of this is to place more of these devices in public hospitals that would greatly increase the sales of the product. This is because it is currently mostly used in private hospitals. Quality Control In the medical industry quality control is very important, this because if a device is faulty it may lead to serious injury or death. The Da Vinci System is no exception to this. Quality control is extremely important for Intuitive Surgical and they have realised the need for highly effective quality control program. The company only manufactures a limited number of units per year as they use an extremely wide range of resources to ensure the quality of the product. The company employs the best industry professionals, use sate-of-the-art computer systems, use failsafe-manufacturing techniques and does rigorous testing on every unit before it is sold. The company does not outsource any part of the manufacturing process; all assembly is done at the company headquarters in California. The company also responds very quickly to any problems that may occur after the product has been sold. The company uses a system over the Internet that allows a surgeon and an Intuitive Surgical engineer to be in contact at any time if any problems arise with the robot. If the problem persists the company either sends an engineer to fix the problem or the whole system is taken back to the company headquarters for repair. Research and Development Research and development is a very important aspect of any emerging technology or innovation. Concerning the Da Vinci robot extensive research would have been undertaken into the nature of large operations, different robotic systems and different control systems. These results would then been amalgamated and the development process would then begin. Continual assessment of the development process is essential. If the current development strategies are unsuccessful, new research would be undertaken to identify problems and try to minimise them. RD is essential in ensuring the success of an innovation. With a strong RD program products are more likely to be introduced as a market-leading product, as a successful product and as a profitable product. What is Robotic Surgery? Robotic Surgery is an emerging technology that utilizes purpose-built robots to perform surgical procedures on patients. At present these robots are not autonomous, they are controlled by a surgeon at all times. Thesuarus Wiki Intuitive surgical Howstuffworks amdocs. com/successstories. asp? CustomerID=76SID=603.

Politics of Globalization and Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of Globalization and Iran - Essay Example Most of the enervating problems of the modern day Iran stem from its complicated and atypical political system that aspires to harmonize the elements of an Islamic theocracy with a fledgling democracy (BBC). The anachronistic seeming Iranian polity is a strange mix of elected democratic institutions such as a president, a cabinet, and a parliament being constitutionally and unambiguously superseded by a gamut of unelected power centres such as a guardian council, an expediency council, and the armed forces, which are administered by the highly influential and theocratic Supreme Leader. It is realistically impossible for the foreign policy and the trade policy in Iran to remain uninfluenced by the aforementioned power centres. President Mahmoud Ahamadinejad who came to power in 2005 has been trying hard to refurbish and realign the Iran's economic policies with the contemporary global trends. At the same time, the world community is resorting to a series of measures like active diplom atic engagement and trade sanctions to alter the Iranian state and trade policies. Iran subscribes to a primarily industrial economy that contributes more then 45 % of its GDP and is a profitable mix of oil and gas, textiles, steel, petrochemicals and automotive manufacturing (Ilias 13). The next major stakeholder in the Iranian economy is its services sector that represents another 43 % of its GDP (Ilias 13). Though the contribution of the agriculture sector to the Iranian economy is roughly 11 %, still it happens to be the major employer, absorbing nearly 20 % of Iran's workforce (Ilias 13). Iran boasts of the world's third largest petroleum reserves and the second largest gas reserves. Though the internecine war with Iraq severely jeopardized the Iran's oil production facilities, still they account for a bulk of the Iranian export earnings and are the single most vital source of government revenue. The oil sector in Iran is the primary enticer of the foreign investment and nascent fears are cropping up that such an intense concentration of investment in this se ctor could practically stifle the other emerging sectors in this developing economy (Ilias 13). The behemoth oil and gas sector in Iran solely comes within the ambit of state administration and are managed by the state run National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Being a potent and founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Iran wields a considerable influence in the world economy, courtesy its ability to stir the world oil supply and prices (Sarkis). The top importers of the Iranian oil are India, China, Italy, South Korea and Japan. Still, the greatest delimiting factor that the Iranian oil industry has to contend with is a constricting lack of access to the new technologies owing to highly constrained investments and the running US sanctions (Ilias 14). Going by the Iran's exclusive dependence on oil reserves for economic sustenance, its economy is pathetically susceptible to any unforeseen changes in the international oil prices (Ilias 14). Desp ite sitting on the mindboggling 15 % of the world gas

UNCITRAL Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Essay

UNCITRAL Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG), - Essay Example However, out of the seventy-eight member states that are part of the CISG, some leading economies such as India, Brazil, and the United Kingdom are yet to join (Borges 2008, pp. 333). The United Kingdom has its own reasons for not joining the CISG. We shall explore some of these reasons in the discussion. The CISG has experienced immense success since its formation, and its relevance has been felt in several countries due to its ability to provide modern, standardized legislation in the international sale of goods that apply whenever the contracts for the sale of goods have been completed between the parties with a place of business among the contracting states. According to Ferrari (2000, p. 120), one of the key reasons that led to the success of the CISG is that it was widely accepted by states from the entire geographical region, all the vital social, economic, and legal systems, and every stage of economic development. Its aim was that it was to be created in such a way that it w as going to be easy to understand and interpret by each member states. Honnold states that the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International sale of Goods was written in an extremely straightforward and understandable language, which refers to the events and things for which there are words of universal content. The CISG is a significant legislative achievement because it has a massive influence on the worldwide trans-border business laws. Different countries have their own reservations for joining the CISG (Schelechtriem & Schwezwer 2005, pp. 45). The main reasons as to why the United Kingdom had refused to join the convention is that they lacked the time to ratify it, and at the moment it is already not a legislative main concern. The reason as to why it is not a legislative priority at the moment is because there has been slight interest shown by the United Kingdom businesses. These business entities seek to show partnership with the CISG. Unless more interest is s hown at this point, there will be no parliament action on the implementation of the act. The debate of whether the United Kingdom should join the CISG or not should be argued in both ways. In the previous years, the United Kingdom had seen it not necessary to amend its international sales regulation. However, the economic downfall the United Kingdom faced in the year, 2008, made it realize that it was time they made partnership with CISG legislation since it could be seen as denying its people of an extremely potentially useful option. Ratifying the convention so that it could be among many of the European Union nations, Africa, the United States, and the Latin American nations by the UK should also be a priority. However, there are some arguments that the Convention does not similarly benefit anybody. For this, we will also explore why there are such arguments. Countries that have adopted this legislation are capable of eliminating any vagueness in its domestic laws that deal with the international sale of goods. This has enabled the international trade to become hassle free and has also reduced dispute that may arise between trading countries. There are problems that are caused by the United Kingdom’s refusal to join the CISG (Rogowska 2007, pp.230). It has also caused troubles for the rest of the countries that trade with it because different arrangements have to be made. It is essential to realize that with the

East Village NYC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

East Village NYC - Essay Example Marks, and the impact that the various cultures and movements have had on them, making them the East Village and St. Marks that we now know. Geographically placed in-between Houston Street on the southern border, 14th Street on the northern border, the East River on the eastern border, and the Bowery and Third Avenue to the west, the initial consideration is that East Village lies within the Lower East Side, and to some of the native residents, it still is. Regardless of what it is called, East Village has come to be synonymous with dive bars, artists, sidewalk cafes, indie boutiques, and a disreputable hipster artistic that has resisted the homogenization affecting the other parts of Manhattan, but that is also now changing. East Village has long been an urban frontier, acting as a starting point for numerous new immigrants coming to America. For Puerto Rican, Irish, Ukrainian, Jewish, and German immigrants, just to name a few, East Village was more than just a location as it was a toehold that gave them a chance at a fresh start in their lives. Other than immigrants, East Village was a magnet for radicals, artists, reformers, and bohemians. East Village was home to the cultural activity that transformed the global community, but the other side of the coin holds a regular occurrence of neglect and poverty. In a time preceding the establishment of New Amsterdam in the 1600s by Dutch traders, the portion of Manhattan that has changed over time to become the East Village known today was a vast stretch of swampy marshland. Native American game trails and paths crisscrossed with this expanse, and a larger portion of these segments was made into permanent thoroughfares. The largest of them all became what is commonly known as the Bowery. A huge segment of what came to be the East Village was in the beginning part of the expansive farm belonging to the last governor of New Amsterdam, Peter Stuyvesant. John Jacob Astor, who was an Americanized fur baron who switched p rofessions to become a real estate mogul, was the initiator of the transformations that changed the area to a status address, an upgrade from the pastoral countryside it was. This transformation was initiated by his luxurious style set up close to what is now known as Astor Place. By the East Village Visitor Center’s account, Astor place was the most sought after real estate by the close of the 1830s. Some of the most affluent industrialists, politicians, and merchants of that era including Gardiner, Vanderbilt, and Delano were buying property in this area from Astor. Astor Place soon joined the best of America’s fashionable addresses. Stuyvesant built the Reformed Dutch Chapel that later grew into St. Mark. This church was concentrated around the elders, who acted as the electors of their spiritual leader owing to their status as high-ranking congregation members. It is widely thought that during the initial era of St. Mark’s, the church made no secret about be ing people centered. Pew rent was collected at the church, and it selectively attended to the spiritual requirements of the incipient nobility centered on property, money, and trade. Early congregants still wallowing in magnitude of American insurgency considered themselves to be constitutionalists, however, their impartiality was founded predominantly on the protection of both their rights to economic expansion and property. Over time, Iron foundries gave way to blacksmith workshops, service posts gave way to livery posts, and Apartment buildings came

Culture Shock Of Studying Abroad Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Shock Of Studying Abroad Cultural Studies Essay In the globalising world, more and more people go to abroad for work and study. Culture shock has been widely present in intercultural communication. Where there is cultural communication, there is culture shock. It can be illustrated by a simple case. A Chinese girl, who is a college student, experienced long-term acculturation when she came here at first. One day, she went to the bank to ask for the statement. When she arrived there, the officer told her that the statement must be posted, and she could not get it right away. She explained that it was urgently needed for visa, but the officer still insisted on his decision, which made her upset and frustrated. As opposed to it, in China, one can get a bank statement at any time. People will experience the impact of cultural differences in varying degrees from an ethnic region to a completely different one, especially to go to work, study and live abroad. The set of symbols, customs, behaviour patterns, social relations will be replaced by another set they are not familiar, which may bring about psychological anxiety, emotional instability, and even depression. In severe cases, it can result in a variety of psychological and physical diseases, worse, even mental problems or suicide. This is culture shock exactly. Culture shock has been an important source of interpersonal stress and conflict for those who are in a multicultural society. Generally speaking, culture shock is a phenomenon of cultural loss and mental imbalance, and it also can be seen as a process of the evolution of mental state in unfamiliar cultural settings. People experience varying degrees of culture shock. There are many factors affecting culture shock and the individual reactions, including previous experience with other cultures and cross-cultural adaptation, the degree of difference in ones own and the host culture, the degree of preparation, social support networks, and individual psychological characteristics. (Furnham Bochner, 1986) Nowadays, international students are playing an increasingly significant role in different countries, especially in western countries. They spend much money and time for higher education. After finishing the study, they usually go back home or stay to get a good job. Only if they overcome cultural shock can they continue learning and have the opportunity to carry out their dream. Otherwise, it will be a giant waste of time and money. Doubtlessly, these students have become vital for the study of culture shock. This essay is to address the definition, characteristics, phases, and causes of culture shock, and explore how it can affect foreign students through a collection of relevant examples. Literature Review In recent years, there is a growing literature in the area of culture shock, and many contributions to the mental health issues aroused by culture shock faced by foreign students (Thomas Althen, 1989). A number of scholars have discussed the definition of culture shock. Oberg (1960) popularised it to refer to the anxiety that results from losing all of our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Adler (1975) suggested that culture shock is primarily a set of emotional reactions to the loss of perceptual reinforcements from ones own culture, to the new cultural stimuli which have little or no meaning, and to the misunderstanding of new and diverse experience. Barna (1976) extended the concept to include physiological aspects. Bennett (1977) viewed it as a subcategory of transition experiences. Regarding the symptoms of culture shock, although individual reactions differ from case to case, various scholars (e.g., Oberg, 1960; Adler, 1975) suggested some common symptoms, such as: feelings of impotence and withdrawal; fear of being cheated or injured; excessive concern on health; being homesick; and a state of nervous irritability. Moreover, Taft (1977) summarised a range of definitions and argued that culture shock is a feeling of impotence from the inability to cope with the environment, because of being unfamiliar with cognitive aspects and role-playing skills. He identified six different aspects of culture shock: 1. Tension due to the ongoing necessary psychological adjustment. 2. A sense of loss of friends, status, occupation and property. 3. Being not accepted by and/or accepting members of the new culture. 4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings and self-identity. 5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust and anger after perceiving cultural differences. 6. Feeling of helplessness due to not being able to deal with the new circumstance. In terms of mental health issues, the widespread use of the two major concerns, namely, depression (e.g., David, 1971; Hojat, 1982) and anxiety (e.g., Lin Masuda, Tazuma, 1982) has been documented. Some studies have paid attention to helplessness (Arredondo-Dowd, 1981), social withdrawal, loneliness, and homesickness (Church, 1982; Cort King, 1979). Causes of Culture Shock When one enters an unfamiliar environment, why will he encounter culture shock? There are various explanations in the psychological studies. A traditional one is to link it to grief of the loss of friends or relatives, ascribing culture shock to the loss of certain things. People feel grieved due to the loss of close friends and family, while those in a different cultural context may be subjected to culture shock for losing a familiar frame of reference in an intercultural encounter, such as status, values, friends, and customs. (Bennett, 1977) A number of new theories have been proposed which elaborate it from different aspects. Different Values Value is a kind of social consciousness, and it can identify what kind of behavior, survival patterns and interaction guidelines will be adopted by individuals, groups or societies. There is neither any kind of values superior than others, nor that inferior. Any of them is unique. For example, comparing the Chinese and American cultures, it clearly can be seen that the American value individualism while the Chinese emphasise collectivism. American people emphasise individual rights, whereas Chinese people value their obligations to society. In intercultural communication, one from a different culture must respect values of the host culture to ensure the smoothness of communications. If people act as the opposite, culture shock will occur inevitably. Take some Muslim students for example. When living in America, there are many students from Muslim countries, especially females, who usually continue to wear traditional clothing; therefore they are actively resisting participating in th e American popular culture. This has been in the way of acculturation, which may isolate them from the environment and bring about anxiety or frustration. Ethnocentrism People tend to criticise the practices of another culture from the perspective of their own cultural values and beliefs. Ethnocentrism, constituted by ethno and centrism, refers to a cultural bias that leads people to judge another cultures habits and practices as right or wrong, good or bad (Samover Porter, 2000). This tendency will result in vanity of ones own cultures superiority, and contempt of outsiders, thereby influencing the adaption process. To illustrate, several cases will be presented. Chinese regard western food such as sandwich and hamburger as junk food. Americans are shocked that Chinese eat nearly all kinds of animals. Chinese think Hindus bathing in the river Ganges is unsanitary. Islamic counties are criticised for supposedly subordinating women. Western countries think Chinese forced-feeding education has no benefit for students. Ethnocentrism sometimes can produce positive social effects, including a very strong social status, which may enhance individual self-esteem, sense of loyalty and group survival consciousness, but also reduce internal contradictions. However, ethnocentric attitudes will cause negative social effects, which prevents people from learning new knowledge from other cultures and broaden new vision. In addition, to safeguard the status of national superiority, competition, fear, anger and hatred may increase, which leads to a variety of destructive conflicts. Ethnocentrism and culture is symbiotic, and each of us grows up in a certain culture, thus it is impossible to completely get rid of ethnocentrism. When students enter an unfamiliar cultural context, it is easy to judge the target culture as good or bad, right or wrong from the standpoint of their own cultural values. With the bias judgment, one cannot break the barriers to achieve intercultural understanding; therefore, culture shock occurs, which causes psychological and physiological stress and tension in communication contact. Preconceptions and Stereotypes The presence of preconceptions and stereotypes is a stumbling block to cultural contact. For instance, U.S. students try to keep distance to a noisy group from Middle East since the stereotype that the Arabs are inflammable. If one has regarded Japanese as inscrutable before his or her Japanese guests coming, he or she will probably see their behaviors (e.g., the constant smile) as much (Barna, 1994). Stereotypes help to reduce the threat of the unknown by making the world predictable (Becker, 1962). Stereotypes lead to overgeneralisation, and affect intercultural communication directly, because the predictions to the behaviours of the other party are based on their fixed views rather than whether they are accurate or fit the circumstances. Stereotypes are psychologically necessary to release our helplessness so as to interact with people in different situations. Stereotypes make people pay attention to what fit their initial impressions, and ignore the left. It prevents people from communicating with those from the distinct cultural backgrounds. As a psychological reason for culture shock, stereotypes are detrimental to the process of communication and have been an obstacle to intercultural interactions. Language Differences Language difference is a stumbling block in the adaption process. Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person struggling with a different language is at least aware of being in trouble. (Barna, 1994) A big language problem is that users cling to one meaning of a word in the target language, without considering the specific context. Various meanings are so difficulty that they are often waved aside. Conceit and complacency will stop a search for understanding. Yes and no are classic examples. How to answer the question, Dont you know him? When a foreign student first hears it, he may answer yes, which means he does not know him. However, if he wants to express the meaning that he does know him, he has to answer no. There are some other problems, including the different styles of using target language. These differences may lead to wrong interpretations of tone and intent. Language skills are linked with adaptation effectiveness (DeVerthe lyi, 1995). Foreign students in the USA who cannot speak English well may be isolated socially, which will affect their academic achievement. For instance, one can order a cup of tea at a cafà ©; however, he or she may not discuss academic issues such as linguistics very well. Despite that he or she holds the idea, it cannot be presented by language. As mentioned above, language issue will result in academic and intercultural failures and further lead to high stress and depression which are the exact symptoms of culture shock. Avoiding Unfamiliar People and Things When students come to a new environment, they usually would like to assume similarities instead of differences between the host culture and their own culture, which can bring themselves a sense of intimacy and familiarity. Some other students prefer to stay with those from the same country and share experiences within the small circle. They avoid and resist people and things they are not familiar. Due to the avoidance, they cannot understand the new cultural identity, and even mistake their cultural norms as universal ones that everyone can accept. Once they find acts strange (different from them) they expect, confusion, disappointment, and even rejection will be produced. This phenomenon is widely present in communities of Chinese students. These students are together for everyday, and they cook, eat, go shopping, study, travel and chat with each other; moreover, they share joy and sorrow, and intentionally keep away from communicating with people from target culture. Generally, the y live in the small world created by themselves, and set up an obstruction in intercultural contact. With time going on, they become less brave to break up the barrier and reach an impasse of cultural contact. Level of Knowledge How should I greet when I first meet them, shaking hands or bowing? What should we talk about for initial meetings? Should I be more enthusiastic or control my facial expressions when talking with them? There is a long list of cultural norms needed to be learned by overseas students before or during a sojourn. Ones level of cultural knowledge may contribute to the acculturation (Begley, 2000). For example, overseas students studying in Britain should be aware of the different educational system and better ways to succeed in learning. Google claimed to withdraw the investment in China for it did not recognise the complicated realities of the country and finally failed in China. From these examples, we can understand that being aware of little general and specific cultural knowledge can cause communicative problems that may lead to culture shock.

Exploring the Validity of Natural Theology :: Philosophy Essays

Exploring the Validity of Natural Theology The thought processes that underlie Creationism and Evolution are undoubtedly very different. The fundamentalists of the former school of thought adhere to the Biblical tenet that divine creation in six days is responsible for environmental diversity, whereas evolutionists have repeatedly stated that the universe was created billions of years ago and is in a constant state of fluctuation. At first glance, these accounts of life on Earth seem incompatible—the creationists base their beliefs purely on faith and explain their surroundings based on that conclusion, while scientists work in the opposite direction by asking questions first and make systematic observations that have resulted from their propositions (Moore 5-6). Ernst Mayr claims that "the beliefs of creationism are in conflict with the findings of science," but the founders of Natural Theology have managed to unite the principles of Genesis with those of evolution (qtd. in Mayr 4). There are strict purists who claim that it is not viable to combine the two ideologies, but it is possible to incorporate the concept of G-d into scientific fact. Although there are several variations on the concept of Natural Theology, its advocates generally accept evolution. Whereas strict creationists reject the notion that the Earth was formed billions of years ago, natural theists accept the scientific evidence for the age of the Earth with one large discrepancy: organisms could have only originated with the aid of divine intervention. However, it is acknowledged that there is no concrete evidence to substantiate the belief that the Earth was created a mere few thousand years ago, just as there isn't any geological confirmation that a global flood engulfed the entire planet (Science and Creationism). This liberal interpretation of Genesis and cautious acceptance of evolution allows for some flexibility with previously undisputed Biblical notions, such as the idea that the creation of the world was completed within six twenty-four hour periods. Those six days have been construed to signify as a literary device by the author of the Bible, six days separated by long time periods, or as six days from the perspective of an ageless G-d (Commission on Creation). Thus, the essence of Natural Theory is that an omnipotent creator fashioned the physical processes that set evolution in motion and these processes resulted in the creation of life. This theory appears to be logical, except for the notion that some aspects of life are so complex that they completely transcend human understanding and are thereby the work of an Intelligent Designer.

Development of Children with Mental Retardation

At the on set, the term mental retardation has been viewed by many as a stigmatizing term. Thus, authorities in this field of study from different societies had come up with a less stigmatizing term. The British Commonwealth and the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities referred to it as â€Å"intellectual disability† (Ainsworth, P. & Baker, P. 2004, p. vii), while Stephen R. Schroeder of the University of Kansas and his colleagues favor the term â€Å"learning disability. † Other more specific descriptors include Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.Mental retardation is a disability in the developmental process that may come out from birth through the age of eighteen (health & disease information) In their book Understanding Mental Retardation, Patricia Ainsworth and Pamela C. Baker (2004), explained that mental retardation is a â€Å"syndrome of delayed or disordered brain development before age 18 years that results in difficulty learning information and sk ills needed to adapt quickly and adequately to environmental changes† (p.3) Its causes according to Ainsworth and Baker includes the genetic factors or the so called heredity factor, environmental factors which is link to an impoverished environment, and prenatal influence which has something to do with nutrition. Physical development of Children with mental retardation In his article in a paper published by the Ohio State University entitled â€Å"Stimulating Physical Development of Mentally Retarded Children† Julian U. Stein noted the importance of an active, vigorous life in the development of sound mind and sound physical body (p. 1).Stein cited Plato’s statement emphasizing that, lack of physical activity destroys the excellent condition of the individual human being, and that orderly work outs and movements preserve that condition (p. 1). Herbert Jennings in 1917 also disclosed that through play the child learns and develops better than through any other ac tivity (p. 1). Stein stressed that children with mental retardation should not spent their days idle, inactive or passive, and merely gaining weight as this will adversely affect their total physical development as the child’s motor development correlates with play activities.Children with mental retardation should not be deprived of the opportunity to play and to engaged in physical exercise because it will not only help them to gain better physical development it will also facilitates better social, and intellectual development depending on the severity of their mental illness. Language Development Children with mental retardation like their normal peers are capable to adapt skills needed for daily communication such as language (Pruthi, G. ).However, Gauri Pruthi cited that although children with mental retardation are capable to adapt a language, infants with mental retardation were behind by about two months compared to their normal peers in their language development. O n the other hand, studies done by Bruner, 1975 and Tomasello 1992 as cited by Pruthi, stated that the early social and communicative accomplishments are seen as essential prerequisite for various aspect of language acquisition. In their book Handbook of Mental Retardation and Development, Jacob Burack and Robert M.Hodapp (1998) emphasized that language acquisition â€Å"is one of our most remarkable achievements† which are normally achieved within the first two to three years from birth (p. 208). Yet for children with mental retardation, Burack and Hodapp pointed out that, at this age â€Å"they may only be beginning to move down this pathway, having learned just a few words to name the important people in their lives and significant objects or some expressions for regulating social interactions† (p.208). However, not all children who are late in beginning to talk have mental retardation problem as some of these children do catch up a little time later. The problem the refore is how to distinguish which normal and which is having mental retardation. Maria R. Brassard and Ann E. Boehm (2007) point out that most children with low cognitive skills â€Å"exhibit disruptions in all areas of language, as well as delays in most areas of development† (p. 337).Thus, in order to assessed children’s wellness, and language comprehension, Brassard and Boehm present a model of communication develop by Abbeduto and Nuccio, which requires assessment in four domains namely; Linguistic ability (mastery of syntax, vocabulary, and phonology), the Cognitive ability (memory); Social skills (perspective taking); and Pragmatic competence (knowledge and skill specific to the process of communicating with others) that would help determine the mental condition of the children for early intervention if they have mental problem.Cognitive development Mental retardation is defined as the â€Å"sub average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently wit h deficits in adaptive behavior, and manifested during the developmental period† (Grossman 1977, as cited by Wachs, T & Sheehan, R. 1998, p. 16). This definition indicates that children with mental retardation have consistent skills and cognitive functioning deficits. Marilyn Jane Field, Alan M. Jette, and Linda G.Martin (2005) pointed out that mental retardation is â€Å"characterized by a delayed progression† and is an ultimate â€Å"failure to achieve the ability to perform formal operations at maturity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 69). Field, Jette, and Martin stated that the severity of mental retardation â€Å"corresponded to fixation at lower stages of cognitive development† (p. 69). Therefore cognitive development of children with severe mental retardation fixated at a lower stage which impaired not only their intellectual capacity but also their normative behavioral development.The impaired intellectual capacity is clearly seen in the experiment conducted at Kansa s University by John Belmont and Earl Butterfield in the 1970s as cited by Norman Bray, Kevin Reilly, Lisa Huffman, Kathryn Fletcher, and Mark Villa in their article entitled â€Å"Mental Retardation and Cognitive Competencies† in which the participants were asked to remember some items in their order of presentation.In this experiment, it yielded that children with mental retardation had a poor recall and they were found to have deficiencies in various memory task and were particularly found to be deficit in memory-related processes such as in the rapidity of processing and the inhibition of irrelevant information (Bray, N. et,al). Psychological DevelopmentIt is generally held by various professionals in the field that a normal and healthy socio emotional development during the first 3 years of life is necessary for the normal mental health and personality development. Anton Dosen and Kenneth Dy (2001) aptly stated that children with mental health retardation â€Å"follow t he similar sequence and are predisposed to make psychosocial developmental structures as usual children† (p. 418). Mental retardation usually manifest during early childhood often during the first and second year of the child’s life.Dosen and Dy points out, â€Å"but the socio-emotional development of mentally retarded children during the first 3 years may be susceptible to various obstacles—genetic, organic, environmental† (Dosen & Dy, p. 418). Dosen and Dy explained that children with mental retardation are usually delayed in their totality of psychological development because it is generally held that children with mental retardation shows maturational lag in different cortical areas (Dosen and Dy, p.418).Achieving quality life then for children with mental retardation can be ensured through early intervention. An internet article entitled â€Å"Mental Retardation† point out that it is important for parents, pediatricians, and other health care p roviders to be familiar with recognizable signs to be able to make an early intervention which is a crucial component to ensure maximum quality of life for these children (Mental Retardation).However, many researchers believed that children with mental retardation experience regressions under condition of cognitive challenge. Professional and parental interventions As it has been partly said above, early intervention is essential to the effective treatment of children with mental retardation. Linda Seligman and Lourie W. Reichenberg cited that special education, home health care, language simulation and social skills training at an early age â€Å"can have a great impact on treatment outcomes† (p.65).But above all these, some practical family matters such as showing family affection, love, acceptance, and other loving concern should be generously given to these children by their families as they grow up. I Nothing can replace the loving concern of the family for their member to grow normal and healthy. Questions for discussion that parents may have to ask 1. ) Suppose my child is proven to have mental retardation, is there be any clinical treatment available for my child’s condition?2.) If my child is diagnosed to have severe mental retardation, should the child be isolated from his peers to protect him? 3. ) Are there any therapeutic drugs that are available in the market that can help my child to become normal? 4). my child is 6 years old with severe mental retardation, what would be some possible effect if he is put in isolation from other normal kids? 5). Are there any kind foods that are may be detrimental to my child’s condition? 6). could there be a possibility that early intervention can help my child grow normal? References Ainsworth, P. & Baker, C. (2004) Understanding Mental Retardation USA: University of Mississippi. Bray, N. W.; Reilly, K. D.; Huffman, L. F.; Fletcher K. L.; Villa, M.; & Anumolu V. Mental Retardation and Cognitive Competencies. http://www.uab.edu/cogdev/graham4.htm Brassard, M.R. & Boehm, A. (2007) Preschool Assessment USA:   The Guilford Press Burack, J. A. & Hodapp, R. M. (1998) Handbook of Mental Retardation and Development USA: Cambridge University Press Dosen, A. & Dy, K. (2001) Treating Mental Illness and Behavior Disorders in Children and Adults with Mental Retardation USA: American Psychiatric Publishing Field, M. J.; Jette, A.M.; Martin, L. G. (2005) Workshop on Disability in America, a New Look

How Much Does It Cost to Hire a Ghostwriter, According To a Pro Ghost

How Much Does It Cost to Hire a Ghostwriter, According To a Pro Ghost How to Hire a Ghostwriter – By Andrew Crofts Andrew Crofts is a ghostwriter and author who has published more than eighty books, a dozen of which were Sunday Times number one bestsellers. He has also guided a number of international clients successfully through the minefield of independent publishing. In this post, he explains how to go about hiring a ghostwriter, the cost of ghostwriting, and the process of working with one.Why Hire a Ghostwriter?The job of a ghost is to write the book which you would write if you had the time or the ability. Writing books takes practice, like any other skill, it also requires more time than most people can afford. It is perfectly sensible to hire a professional to do the job for you, just as you would hire a barrister to plead for you in court or a speechwriter if you wanted to get into the White House. It will still be your story, whether it is an autobiography, a memoir, a family history, a how-to business book or even a novel, just written with professional help. Whatever you need, a ghost will do for you, but you must first be clear in your mind what it is you do need. Whatever you need, a ghostwriter will do for you, but you must first be clear what that  is. Traditional Publishing Deal or Self-Publishing?Do you want to follow the traditional route of trying to find a big name publisher and getting an advance to help defray the costs? Or do you want to maintain control of the whole project and self-publish, either with or without the help of an independent publisher?If it is the former then you initially need the ghostwriter to produce a proposal which can be taken to publishers, either by you, by the ghost or by an agent who the ghost may be able to lead you to. The ghost can then write the whole manuscript once the publisher has been found.If you want to maintain control then the ghostwriter will be writing the whole manuscript for you from the start, and should be able to help you find the experts you need to turn it into a finished book. (Although most of those services are also available on Reedsy).A proposal for a traditional publisher will probably be between 10,000 and 20,000 words, containing a short synopsis, an author profile, chapter breakdown, some sample chapters and any background information which will help the sale, (similar books on the market, captive markets etc).A complete book could be anything from 30,000 to 100,000 words or more. There are usually between 300 and 400 words to a page, so you can work out roughly what that will look like. "A #ghostwriting proposal for a publisher will probably be between 10k and 20k words." @andrewcrofts Choosing the Right GhostwriterOnce you have a clear idea what the book is to be about and what you want to do with it once it is written, you can then make contact with some ghostwriters. An email is probably the best first approach to assess if they are interested and if they are available. Then move to phone calls or Skype to see how the chemistry is between you.You are going to need to trust your ghostwriter completely because you will be telling them everything, just as you might tell your doctor, your therapist or your lawyer. If anything about them makes you doubt that you will be comfortable with them then move on to the next person. You may be able to make a decision at this stage, but if possible a face-to-face meeting is good. "You  need to trust your ghost completely because you'll be telling them everything." @andrewcrofts Do You Need a Contract?Once you are both happy with the chemistry, decide if you want to have a formal contract or just an exchange of emails laying out what each side expects of the other. Lawyers and agents will tell you that you should have contracts that cover every eventuality and if that will make you more comfortable then, by all means, have one drawn up or ask the ghost if they have a standard one. You might also want them to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Again, I stress, you really need to trust this person before you get too involved. If you feel you need to tie them down legally they may not be the person for you. It may be, however, that they will have had bad experiences with clients in the past and they may prefer to have something in black and white. You need to work this out between you.How Much Will a Ghostwriter Cost?How much a ghost will cost is a matter of supply and demand. If they have all the work they can handle and potential clients approaching them every day they will cost a lot. For that money, you will have the confidence that the writing will be of a certain standard and that the ghostwriter will know exactly what they are doing. If they are just starting out and desperately want to get some books on their cv then they will be more affordable, but there is always the risk that they will not write as well or as quickly. You need to have in mind what your budget is. Ask them what they would charge and don’t be afraid to negotiate. In some cases, you may have a book which is so obviously commercial the ghostwriter will be willing to work for a 50% share of the royalties. If you are going to go in for that sort of arrangement you will need a contract, and you should probably involve an agent, just because the money may not come in for several years, by which time everyone might have forgotten what was agreed. Even in those situations, you will probably need to pay for them to create the proposal at the start.It is very importa nt that neither of you goes into the relationship feeling resentful about the money. If the ghost is going to be spending three to six months working for you then you have to be prepared to pay the equivalent of a decent salary. If it is a proposal they can do in a month, the same applies.So how much does the average ghostwriter cost? Some ghostwriters will charge the equivalent of  £100 a day, some will charge  £1,000. Most will prefer to give you a quote for the whole job, but you can always agree to pay that in stages so that if the relationship isn’t working out - or you change your mind - you can walk away without paying any more. The most important thing is that you are both clear about what is expected and, again, that there is an atmosphere of mutual trust.Be aware that very few books make much money from sales - if any at all. No one can ever predict which books will become best sellers, so it is much like buying a lottery ticket. You are extremely unlikely to earn back the money that you are going to spend on a ghostwriter from sales alone. There must, therefore, be another good reason for writing the book other than the hope of making money.The Ghostwriting ProcessThe ghost will be happy to sit with you and record the whole story from start to finish. Any written material that you can give them in advance, however, will help to speed things along by guiding their questioning. Always meet somewhere where you will be completely comfortable. Your own home or workplace is the best, but a ghost will go wherever you ask as long as it is reasonably quiet. (I have spent a great many months of my life sitting in hotel suites and coffee shops).In an ideal world you will spend a few days recording, the ghostwriter will then go away and write the first draft, you will then meet up again and tell them if they are going wrong and put right anything that they have misunderstood or that you forgot to tell them at the first meetings, and they will then produce a final version.In reality it sometimes takes a few more journeys back and forth before the manuscript is perfect and if you would be more comfortable with them showing you a chapter or two at a time then, by all means, tell them at the beginning, (preferably in an email so you can both remember what you have agreed).You both need to find a way of working which makes you comfortable, but if you are going to be very hands-on and insist on lots of meetings and re-writes you may have to accept that the costs will go up. The ghost will be happy to sit with you and record the whole story from start to finish. Once the Book is WrittenOnce you have a manuscript that you are both happy with, most ghostwriters will be able to help you with either finding a traditional publisher, (although there are never any guarantees of success there), or with guiding you through the self-publishing process. By the time you have got to this stage you should have a professional relationship of absolute mutual trust - possibly even a friendship. Looking to hire a ghostwriter? You can check out Andrew Croft's profile on Reedsy here! Or find out more about ghostwriters here.  Want to know more about ghostwriting, or share an experience with a ghostwriter? Leave us your thoughts, and any questions for Andrew, in the comments below!

The Growing Problem of Road Rage

The Growing Problem of Road Rage Statistics tell us that most all of us have been involved in an aggressive driving experience either as the victim or the aggressor at some point in our lives. Aggressive driving and road rage is on the rise, and according to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety (AAA), it is one, if not the top concern for many drivers today. AAA reported that at least 1,500 people a year are seriously injured or killed in senseless traffic disputes. The following includes excerpts from a report issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Characteristics of Aggressive Driving The term aggressive driving emerged during the 1990s as a label for a category of dangerous on-the-road behaviors. The category comprises: Following too closelyDriving at excessive speedsWeaving through trafficRunning stop lights and signs Aggressive driving occasionally escalates to gesturing in anger or yelling at another motorist, confrontation, physical assault and even murder. Road Rage is the label that emerged to describe the angry and violent behaviors at the extreme of the aggressive driving continuum. Graduating From Traffic Violation to Criminal Offense The NHTSA defines aggressive driving as, The operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property. An important distinction is that aggressive driving is a traffic violation, while road rage, aside from the yelling and gesticulating, is a criminal offense. Contributing Factors To Aggressive Driving Experts suggest many reasons for the increase in aggressive driving and road rage. Sociologists suggest it is due to the breakdown in our societys sense of community and a disintegration of shared values.Psychologists point to the intoxicating combination of power and anonymity provided by motor vehicles.Traffic engineers tend to believe the problem is due to inconsistent driving speeds among travelers. Traffic Congestion Traffic congestion is one of the most frequently mentioned contributing factors to aggressive driving. Drivers with low tolerances for traffic delays might respond by following too closely, changing lanes frequently, or becoming angry at anyone who impedes their progress. Running Late Some people drive aggressively because they have too much to do and are running late for work, school, their next meeting, lesson, soccer game, or some  other appointment. Many otherwise law-abiding citizens often justify speeding when running late, almost as they would a medical emergency. Speeding because one is running late to pick up a waiting child or getting an elderly parent to a doctors appointment is often deemed as okay in the minds of even some of the safest drivers. Anonymity A driver can develop a sense of anonymity and detachment when insulated within the privacy of a vehicle. Tinted windows further detach drivers, adding to the misconception of being an observer of the surroundings, rather than a participant. The anonymity for some may provoke antisocial behavior unseen in other normal interaction they experience with others. Combine this with having the power of a motor vehicle and the knowledge that it is unlikely they will ever be seen again by those they offend and the result can be extreme rudeness and even turn an otherwise nice person into a dangerous, raging individual. Disregard for Others and for the Law Much has been written about the erosion of shared values and respect for authority, variously attributed to the fragmentation of the extended family, increased individual mobility, media influence, and other characteristics of modern society. It does appear that civility and respect for authority have decreased, the trend epitomized by the phrase, Im just looking out for number one. Habitual or Clinical Behavior Most motorists rarely drive aggressively, and some never at all. For others, episodes of aggressive driving are frequent, and for a small proportion of motorists, it is their usual driving behavior. Occasional episodes of aggressive driving might occur in response to specific situations, such as speeding and changing lanes abruptly when late for an important appointment, when it is not the drivers normal behavior. Among the chronic aggressive drivers there are those who learned the driving style and consider it appropriate and others who may have learned to drive properly, but for whom the behavior is an expression of illness. Clearly, it is a matter of degree and not all anger is uncontrolled, or even inappropriate, that is, it is not the anger, but what a person does about it that matters (e.g., anger that motivates a person to call the police when encountered on the road by an obviously impaired or dangerously aggressive driver). However, chronic anger, habitual or persistent aggressive driving, and especially a pattern of confrontation on the road, must be considered manifestations of pathology, in addition to violations of the law. Sources:National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationRoad Rage: Causes and Dangers of Aggressive DrivingAAA Foundation for Traffic Safety

Anthem and The Bet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anthem and The Bet - Essay Example People should be allocated duties and responsibilities in accordance to their talents. There is also no existence of crime and poverty. One theme in the short story The Bet is that material goods tend to influence one negatively away from important things in life. This is portrayed by the lawyer. After some years of separation from worldly things, he came to appreciate that there are more important things than material goods. After that, he chooses to abandon worldly things and embrace spiritual enlightenment (Daniel, 2005). Julius Caesar in Shakespeare play was murdered in a situation he termed as betrayal. Among the senators who murdered him was a person that Julius considered a close friend. Though he first resisted, he gave up on realization that Marcus was among the assassins. Both Julius Caesar of Shakespeare and the dying solder in Steve Allen’s of Death Watch Near Que Son experienced betrayal in their last moments (Daniel, 2005). They also died silently feeling that their dignity had been stumbled on. While Julius was betrayed by a friend, the dying solder was betrayed by his

Transnational Corporations and the International Human Rights Dissertation

Transnational Corporations and the International Human Rights - Dissertation Example 40 (2) Between the happening of the event that constitutes a violation, and the judgment of the court that liability exists, a substantial amount of time would usually have passed, during which restoration would have been rendered difficult or impossible. 40 (3) Restitution may not be sufficient to fully repair the damage that was done. When individuals suffered injuries during the violation, medical care may not be sufficient to restore the mental health of those who suffered the injustice 40 These reasons may discourage the tribunal from resorting to restitution as the primary means of reparation; when deciding on the remedy, the tribunal must use its discretion, because there is not sufficient guidance in case law to advice when a remedy is suitable and when it is not. 40 Chapter 5: Access to Remedies 41 5.1 Chapter overview 41 5.2 The necessity for recourse to remedies 41 5.3 The mandate for remedies under the Framework 42 5.4 Possible remedies and their implications 43 5.5 Due d iligence in determining responsibility 47 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation 48 6.1 Chapter overview 48 6.2 Findings of the study 48 6.3 Conclusion 50 6.4 Recommendations 50 Bibliography 52 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Chapter overview This first chapter lays the groundwork for the entire dissertation. It defines the research problem and provides the context within which the problem should be viewed. A background of the problem situates the dissertation’s perspective of the problem prior to the statement of the problem and research questions. Five research questions are specified that will guide the discussion of the various issues leading to the conclusion. A description of the methodology explains the type of data the...Transnational companies transacting across borders may circumvent the framework of governance imposed by national law, because the parties to the contract or transaction are not totally within the rule of one nation. Thus, a gap in governance exists, be tween the scope and influence of economic actors and the market forces on the one hand, and the capability of societies to address and manage the harmful effects created by globalization, on the other hand. John Ruggie, former Special Representative of the Secretary General for Business and Human Rights, takes the position that ‘governance gaps’ created by the speed of globalization and the failure of states to keep pace in their capacities to provide the necessary regulatory frameworks enable the ‘permissive environment’ that allows for the ‘wrongful acts by companies of all kinds without adequate sanctioning or reparation.’ There is also a need to clearly define the standards against which the actions of transnational corporations are to be assessed, and the process in addressing perceived violations. It is necessary, prior to enforcement of sanctions, to identify the elements which determine the culpability of the accused corporation. In many cases, there is a lack of precedent according to which the new cases are to be judged. There is likewise uncertainty about the legal procedure to be followed, the vesting of jurisdiction in the proper authority, even the identification of the tribunal to hear the case. Light also needs to be shed on the protocol as to how claim may be made and the party with the personality to make it, and the protections which the accused corporation may avail itself of in warding off false claims and accusations

Ethical Dilemma Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Dilemma Nursing - Assignment Example As doctors, their duty is to save the life of the patients. Moreover, the sanctity of life is an important factor that should be respected by one and all. The second dilemma is the ethical issues involved in the patient’s consent with regard to his treatment. Patient’s autonomy to decide about his medication and his welfare has increasingly become a critical issue within the medical field. Medical paternalism is also a strong issue here. Dr. House is famous for his brilliant but unconventional methods and therefore, his beliefs that he knows more than patients, reveals his paternalistic attitude. Last but not the least important dilemma is that of non-maleficence which dissuades doctors to deliberately harm the patients. These are crucial issues which pose serious challenges for the medical team that is treating Dr. Ezra, especially when they are asked to stop the test and put him to sleep. Answer 2 Dr. House ignores Dr. Ezra’s request for stopping further tests and his demand for euthanasia. The two main ethical principles that can be applied to support Dr. House’s actions are medical beneficence and Kantian’s theory of deontology. The principle of beneficence and non-maleficence are important ethical issues within the medical field that support Dr. House’s actions. ... Kantian’s deontology promotes the concept that the motives of actions always be right and towards the wider benefit of the people (Schneewind, 1990). Acting appropriately at all times, therefore, becomes a key issue that is not concerned with the consequences but the acts which are carried out with good motives. In this case, the House’s major concern was to diagnose the cause of the worsening medical condition of Dr. Ezra. Therefore, his insistence on the tests was aimed at giving relief to Dr. Ezra through diagnosis. House believed that the test would help him to find the cause and equip him with knowledge and information to start the right treatment and correct medication which would help the patient to fully recover. Answer 3 As a nurse, I would not condone Dr. House’s actions mainly because of two ethical principles: the patient has a right to make a decision about his treatment. Patient’s consent is very important that not only shows that he is aware of the pros and con of the treatment and therefore, but his agreement or refusal is also an empowered decision. In this case, Dr. Ezra himself was a renowned medical professional who knew the futility of tests and therefore had asked the team to stop the treatment. Dr. House’s contention that he knows best, defy the basic module of the patient’s autonomy. Furthermore, House was not sure of the diagnosis and all his test were just blind guesses for coming to a definite conclusion. The test could also have an adverse impact on Dr. Ezra’s conditions. Hence, my belief that Dr. House’s actions were not right. Secondly, the utilitarian theory of Bentham proposes that actions should give happiness to the maximum number of people (Rosentand, 2002).  Ã‚